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Welcome back to Flower Poetry Fridays with Mrs. Sigourney. Each Friday a new poem will be posted from her The Voice Of Flowers.

THE EMIGRANT DAISY.

ONCE, from its home in England’s* soil,
    A daisy’s root I drew,
Amid whose moistened crown of leaves
    A healthful bud crept through,
And whispered in its infant ear
    That it should cross the sea,
A cherished emigrant, and share
    A western home with me.

Methought it shrank, at first, and paled ;
    But when on ocean’s tide
Strong waves and awful icebergs frowned.
    And manly courage died,
It calmly reared its crested head
    And smiled amid the storm,
As if old Magna Charta’s soul
    Inspired its fragile form.

So where within my garden plat,
    I sow the choicest seed,
Amid my favorite shrubs I placed
    The plant from Runnimede.
And know not why it may not draw
    Sweet nutriment, the same
As when within that noble clime
    From whence our fathers came.

Here’s liberty enough for all,
    If they but use it well,
And Magna Charta’s spirit lives
    In even the lowliest cell,
And the simplest daisy may unfold
    From scorn and danger freed,
So make yourself at home, my friend,
    My flower from Runnimede.

* This daisy was taken from the spot, often visited by trav-
ellers, where King John signed the Magna Charta in 1215.

So, I wonder how many daisies could be left at the spot where this one was plucked from? Well, as long as some roots remained it’s safe to say there could still be a daisy or two growing in England.

It makes me think of my Mom telling us to “leave some for the next guy” whenever we picked flowers or picked up rocks. Sure, it would make things easier for her not to carry all that stuff in her purse, but the words were meant to practice frugality. And sharing.

Taking the daisy to her new home across the seas sounds like something a lot of people would do. Indeed, many of the roadside weeds came to be in this country at the hands of emigrants hoping to establish their favorite garden plants in their new places.

Come back next Friday for the next installment in our series of flower poems from Mrs. Sigourney’s The Voice of Flowers, “The Travelled Flower”.

Flowers are all around us and we see them blooming in the daylight where ever we go.

Pollinators like bees, wasps, ants, butterflies and birds visit them helping our flowered friends make their seeds for sprouting of the next generation.

Most flowers are open during the day and pollinated by daytime visitors. Leave it to Mother Nature to throw a few exceptions to the rule.

Evening primrose is one of the exceptions as its flowers open up at twilight. Weird, right?

Four pale yellow petals are large and together form a cup-like flower during the day. At twilight the flowers are wide open. The petals have wide shallow notches so that they look a little like hearts.

If you watched one long enough in the morning, you’d be able to see the petals fold in toward the center of the flower as it closes up. Each blossom only lasts for one night.

They open up at twilight of the previous evening and must be pollinated by night-active critters in addition to the ones that stop by the pretty blooms in the early mornings.

Even though individual flowers last for only one day, the whole evening primrose plant may bloom for a couple of weeks, depending on age and size, from June through September.

Common Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis, is one of those flowers that is beautiful singly or in pairs, as it likes to blossom in doubles.

The tip of each plant shows the promise of future flowering with a cluster of flower buds and it shows past flowering with seed pods developing where pollinated flowers dropped off.

(Click on any image to see a larger view.)

Note the last-blooming, faded flowers. Each has a long calyx, like a flower “stem”, the base of which will transform from the ovary into a seedpod.

The plants that were photographed here on August 23rd were first noted on August 2nd. Seed pods were present on the stems at that time meaning they had already bloomed for several days.

How To Know Common Evening Primrose

First of all, it has a rather weedy appearance. The times we usually see it the blossoms are fading away or curled up and falling off the plant.

Note: If you’re into gardening and enjoy the chiffon yellow blossoms, a better choice would be another primrose called Sundrops, O. fruticosa, which blooms during the day.

Secondly, the plant can range from 2 to 6 feet tall when it’s in bloom.

Other characteristics used to identify Common Evening Primrose are –

• alternate, lance-shaped leaves
• leaves slightly toothed or wavy-edged
• yellow flowers 1-2 inches wide
• broad petals with indentations at the tip
• cross-shaped stigma
• long calyx tube
• seed pods 4 times longer than wide

The evening primrose can still be found blooming as it shows off the lemony yellow flowers from June through September.

Look for it in open, dry or sandy areas such as the edge of fields and along roadsides.

Welcome back to Flower Poetry Fridays with Mrs. Sigourney. Each Friday a new poem will be posted from her The Voice Of Flowers.

THE ROSE-GERANIUM.
COMPANION OF A VOYAGE.

HOLD up thy head, thou timid voyager !
    Vex’d by the storm-clouds, as they darkly
             roll,
And by the fiercely tossing waves, that stir
    Thy slender root, and try thy trembling soul.

Sad change from thy sweet garden, where the
             dew
    Each morning glisten’d in thy grateful eye,
And where no rougher guest thy bosom knew,
    Than quiet bee, or gadding butterfly.

It grieves me sore to see thy leaflets fade,
    Wearing the plague-spot of the ocean spray,
And know what trouble I for thee have made,
    Who bore thee from thy native haunt away ;
Though, in thy life, I seem to hold the chain
Of home and its delights, here on the pathless
             main.

Taking a flower on a voyage sounds like a lovely way to bring a little piece of home with you while traveling.

I liked the way the Mrs. Sigourney spoke about the trembling flower being afraid of being out of her element.

Rocking and rolling on the high seas and feeling the ocean’s spray might be a welcome delight for many of us, but think about it for a flower, as if it had a mind and soul. Wouldn’t it be so scary to somebody who has roots that held them fast to the ground?

Her selection of a Rose-Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens, was a wonderful choice of companion. Its strong rose scent would enliven any state room and serve to be a reminder of home.

Come back next Friday for the next installment in our series of flower poems from Mrs. Sigourney’s The Voice of Flowers, “The Emigrant Daisy”.

Identifying plants can be easy if you know what to look for.

Certain characters, like bloom shape, flower petal count, and leaf type, can help us separate one species of plant from another.

Leaf arrangement, or how leaves are attached to a stem, is another character that may be used to identify plants.

Several plant characteristics should be studied to be able to identify a plant with certainty. Sometimes the species identification is inconclusive at the amateur level and we need to consult the experts in the field.

A great example is a wingstem plant I found that had whorled leaves. All the other wingstem plants in the vicinity appeared to have alternate leaves.

Wingstem, Verbesina alternifolia, is described as having an alternate leaf pattern, so I was curious whether this particular plant was a freak of nature or a different species altogether.

Leaf Arrangement Basics

If you’re not too familiar with leaf arrangement, here’s your primer.

An alternate leaf arrangement is where leaves attach to the stem on different sides and at different heights. Looking at a stem’s side view you’ll see one leaf attached on the right side, the next higher leaf attached on the left side, and the next higher one attached on the right, and so on up the stem.

Oppositely arranged leaves lie directly across from one another, so a leaf attached to the right side is at the same height and directly across from a leaf on the left side. The place where the leaves attach is called a node.

Whorled leaf arrangements are where more than two leaves attach at the same node giving the appearance of a circular arrangement of leaves.

The following line drawings show where leaves are attached in each kind of leaf arrangement.

Whorled Wingstem Is A Freak

Being curious about the one whorled plant, I contacted the Weed Science experts at Virginia Tech and Dr. Michael Flessner kindly investigated the matter for me.

(Click on any image to see a larger view.)

The Herbarium Curator, Dr. Thomas Wieboldt, was able to report back:

“I’ve never seen a Verbesina with whorled leaves, so I had to look into this a bit. Apparently, leaves are occasionally whorled on individual plants, but it is not characteristic of any North American species. In the two photos, one shows whorled leaves except at the upper nodes; the other shows alternate leaves throughout. Based on the shape of the flower heads, I’d say this is Verbesina alternifolia, and is one of the occasional aberrant individuals with whorled leaves.”

So, there we have it. Our little wingstem with the whorled leaves is not your typical wingstem.

And that should teach us a lesson in plant characters. In the field we won’t always have textbook examples because it is the habit of Nature to change.

With respect to leaf arrangement, make sure to look the plant up and down to view the entire length or height before making a decision as to alternate, opposite or whorled.

How To Know Native Wingstem

Sunflowers love sun. Their happy faces point toward the rising sun in unison. If you’ve ever been in the center of a field of sunflowers, you know it’s a simple thing to make you smile.

(Click on any image to see a larger view.)

Surprisingly, some sunflowers exist that prefer it a little shady. A sunflower that has the odd name of Wingstem is one that needs partial shade instead of full sun.

As a member of the Aster family, Asteraceae, it’s a composite flower, like any other sunflower. The rays and disk being bright yellow.

The perennial Wingstem, Verbesina alternifolia, can be found in thickets, woodlands where some light filters through the tree tops, at the edges of fields and forests, and in pastures.

OK. Wingstem isn’t a true sunflower, but it sort of looks like one. I know I called it a sunflower before knowing it’s true heritage.

Not a humongous plant with giant flower seed heads like the sunflowers raised commercially, Wingstem may bloom at a height of 2 to 10 feet with flowers that are 2-3 inches in diameter.

A defining characteristic is easy to spot once you know what to look for when identifying Wingstem.

Check out the main stem and feel the leafy wings that run the length of it. The wings appear to be very thin vertically-oriented leaves that can be moved to the side with a finger or thumb.

Wingstem is native to eastern North America and can be found blooming from late summer through the middle of fall, say August to October.

Populations of Wingstem seem to managing well in our changing climate, all except for the New York wingstems that are classified as Threatened.

Welcome back to Flower Poetry Fridays with Mrs. Sigourney. Each Friday a new poem will be posted from her The Voice Of Flowers.

ALPINE FLOWERS.

MEEK dwellers ‘mid yon terror-stricken cliffs,
With brows so pure, and incense-breathing
                  lips,
Whence are ye ?
                  Did some white-wing’d messenger,
On Mercy’s errands, trust your timid germ
To the cold cradle of eternal snows ?
Or, breathing on the callous icicles,
Bid them, with tear-drops, nurse ye ?
                                       Tree, nor shrub
Dare yon drear atmosphere. No polar pine
Uprears a veteran front. Yet there ye stand,
Leaning your cheeks against the thick-ribb’d
                  ice,
And looking up, with trustful eyes, to Him
Who bids you bloom, unblanch’d, amid the
                  waste
Of desolation.

                                       Man, who panting toils
O’er slippery steeps ; or, trembling, treads the
                  verge
Of yawning gulfs, from which the headlong
                  plunge
Is to eternity, looks shuddering up,
And marks ye in your placid loveliness,
Fearless, yet frail ; and, clasping his chill
                  hands,
Blesses your pencil’d beauty. Mid the pomp
Of mountain-summits, towering to the skies,
And chaining the rapt soul in breathless awe,
He bows to bind you drooping to his breast,
Inhales your fragrance on the frost-wing’d
                  gale,
And freer dreams of Heaven.

It certainly is a curiosity how any green plant can handle the Arctic tundra.

Who will be there to pollinate them. Or appreciate them and smile?

The ones we have in the lower 48 all shrivel at the thought of blooming among the icicles and snow.

Perhaps a few rugged souls who can brave the frigid weather will have the joy of seeing a few blooming alpine flowers in the snow.

Whoever does discover an alpine flower can revel in the fact that they’re one of the very few who has ever had the pleasure. If you’re one of the courageous lucky ones, take a photo and post one here for the rest of us!

Come back next Friday for the next installment in our series of flower poems from Mrs. Sigourney’s The Voice of Flowers, “The Rose-Geranium, Companion of a Voyage”.

How To Know Green-headed Coneflower

Along rivers and streams in our locale of Central Pennsylvania we see lots of sunflowers in the heat of Summer. Some of these sunflowers aren’t technically sunflowers, but their yellow-rayed, composite flowers are similar.

One sunflower look-a-like is the Green-headed Coneflower, Rudbeckia laciniata, that we found in a local park on a river path in Millerstown.

Other places to look for the Green-headed Coneflower include thickets, forest edges, drainage gulleys, and along roads with partial shade.

On the banks of the Juniata River many of the blooming sunflowers reached over 6 feet tall, but some of them were shorter and yet still flowering.

It’s not too surprising that the Green-headed Coneflower, Rudbeckia laciniata, can get up to 12 feet tall. We haven’t had a lot of rain lately and surely that would help them grow taller.

The bright yellow flowers of these tall plants help them to be seen in thickets and well into the woods along the river.

The flower centers are cone-shaped with a green cast.

Yellow petals are usually swept back or pointed downward instead of being held out to the sides. We see this petal shape in the Purple Coneflowers, Echinacea spp., in the garden especially as the flowers mature. Echinacea cone heads are definitely larger than this Rudbeckia sp.

The Green-headed Coneflower flower head is about 3 inches across with bright yellow rays surrounding a central green disk.

Blooming occurs in mid-Summer to early Autumn from July to September.

The Green-headed Coneflower isn’t the only sunflower that likes to be near a river or partial shady places. Growing nearby was “Wingstem” which looks similar but on closer inspection is quite different.

Each year we can go back to see the coneflowers blooming in summer as they’re perennial herbs. Considering their height some may call them sub-shrubs.

Green-headed Coneflower is also known as Cutleaf Coneflower and it’s a member of the Aster family, Asteraceae. Being a native to the U.S. and Canada it can be found in many locations. Populations in Rhode Island, however, are classified as threatened.

(Click on any image to see a larger view.)

Check the following line drawings for the various leaf shapes of this interesting coneflower.

Peterson’s Wildflower Guide further describes the Green-headed Coneflower as having a “greenish, buttonlike disk, reflexed golden rays, deeply cut 3- or 5-parted leaves. Stems tall, branched, smooth.”

Woodland Sunflowers Shine At the Edge of the Forest

A community park on the banks of the Juniata River at Millerstown brings people for picnicing, playing soccer, and having a little fun in the outdoors.

We’ve seen lots of folks walking their dogs and taking a stroll along the path next to the river.

The walking path almost extends the length of the small park and is lined with trees on the river side of the walk. It’s a partly shady area where lots of native sunflowers grow and bloom in the heat of summer.

The sunflowers blooming next to the river are composites with swept back petals and green centers.

On closer inspection you can see we’re actually looking at two different plants!

(Click on any image to see a larger view.)

In this particular stand of native bloomers the Green-headed Coneflower, Rudbeckia laciniata, outnumbered the Wingstem, Verbesina alternifolia.

On both plants the upper leaves are similarly shaped, like pointed ovals, but the lower leaves on each plant differs from the other.

The leaves of the Green-headed Coneflower remind me of giant ragweed leaves in that the lower leaves are pointy and tri-lobed, some intermediate leaves have two lobes, and the upper leaves are not lobed.

The leaves of the Wingstem appear more like a typical sunflower, very rough and the same shape from bottom to top of plant.

These similar yellow-blooming “sunflowers” can be found in damp areas, such as next to a river, in lowlands near highways, in places where runoff collects in culverts, but usually in partial shade.